西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產SUV精品一區二區883:www.tianyushuye.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的(de)物理化(hua)學性質及(ji)其(qi)分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常被應用得得心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)(yuan)子量是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)色(se)，比重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)(dian)(dian)：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其(qi)(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)加(jia)工，導電性(xing)(xing)及(ji)導熱性(xing)(xing)優良，良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，不能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)防護性(xing)(xing)鍍層，會和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)硫化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)(hua)碳作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中氯形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍層具有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著性(xing)(xing)及(ji)拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)其(qi)(qi)它電鍍金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)之底鍍鍍層。鍍層可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為防止滲碳氮化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)實用于鋅鑄件電鍍打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足(zu)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)(yi)(yi)電鍍，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分為紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)低，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)絕大(da)部分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延展性(xing)(xing)，又能(neng)(neng)很(hen)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)意圖，且色(se)澤渾厚、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和各(ge)種裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)、各(ge)種環境配合，既可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑，又可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點(dian)(dian)(dian)綴裝飾。所以(yi)這種工藝(yi)受到很(hen)多(duo)藝(yi)術(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為許多(duo)壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加(jia)入(ru)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)錫(xi)冶煉而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延展性(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適(shi)于制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)些(xie)折皺少(shao)、大(da)塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)品(pin)，如(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌(pai)等(deng)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了(le)50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等(deng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)后熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比原(yuan)(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)卻(que)由原(yuan)(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工，有(you)(you)一(yi)定準(zhun)確(que)度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，并有(you)(you)一(yi)種華貴(gui)、古雅(ya)、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
二、國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安(an)鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)經(jing)過不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感(gan)(gan)和(he)觸(chu)覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感(gan)(gan)。銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)是(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)三者綜合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶。因(yin)此，學習和(he)研(yan)究銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)需要從這三者入手，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)欣(xin)賞也(ye)是(shi)需要這三方面(mian)(mian)來(lai)進行，如果只是(shi)從一個方面(mian)(mian)就很(hen)難(nan)了解和(he)把握銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)諦和(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)材(cai)料和(he)不(bu)同(tong)造型、結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)對加(jia)工(gong)成型工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)。所(suo)以成型和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方法主要包(bao)括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等(deng)五大(da)加(jia)工(gong)成型工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)，而且在(zai)裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)還主要有鑲嵌、雕金、鍍金和(he)鍍銀(yin)三大(da)類。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工藝是銅雕塑(su)的最古老的成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工藝之一(yi)，它的加工方法是首先要(yao)用(yong)黏土或者其(qi)它可(ke)塑(su)材料做出原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)，然(ran)后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)(xing)，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)(xing)材料的不(bu)同，主要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失(shi)蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也(ye)稱翻(fan)沙(sha)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它是(shi)我(wo)國最(zui)古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之一(yi)，我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)祖先早在(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握了這種工藝(yi)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)此工藝(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作了大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術珍(zhen)品，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了享(xiang)譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文(wen)化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)首(shou)先是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)指用(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)(zhi)作陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)要精(jing)選細(xi)黏土敷在(zai)模型(xing)上(shang)(shang)，待半干時(shi)分(fen)塊取(qu)下(xia)陰干，干透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了外范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視(shi)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)程度(du)而定(ding)。如(ru)果要鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或(huo)器物(wu)，在(zai)做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間距離(li)就(jiu)是(shi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)要預先做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)澆(jiao)注口和出(chu)氣孔(kong)。最(zui)后把(ba)內(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)合起來(lai)，并(bing)(bing)敷上(shang)(shang)泥層(ceng)進行加固。做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)上(shang)(shang)述工作，即可以(yi)熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)了。對(dui)于造(zao)型(xing)復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無(wu)法(fa)一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，因(yin)此需要采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)全身人像(xiang)雕塑(su)，我(wo)們(men)將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)頭與(yu)身體、四肢(zhi)分(fen)別制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將(jiang)(jiang)四肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)暫不(bu)拿出(chu)，再與(yu)軀干的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)軀干時(shi)四肢(zhi)便與(yu)軀干鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)體了。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精品一區二區883:鍛銅雕塑定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的(de)物理化(hua)學性質及(ji)其(qi)分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)且又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常被應用得得心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)(yuan)子量是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)色(se)，比重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)(dian)(dian)：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)而(er)韌，其(qi)(qi)延展性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)加(jia)工，導電性(xing)(xing)及(ji)導熱性(xing)(xing)優良，良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)，不能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)防護性(xing)(xing)鍍層，會和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)硫化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中二氧化(hua)(hua)碳作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會和空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中氯形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍層具有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)均(jun)勻性(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)、附(fu)著性(xing)(xing)及(ji)拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)，所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)其(qi)(qi)它電鍍金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)之底鍍鍍層。鍍層可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為防止滲碳氮化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)實用于鋅鑄件電鍍打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足(zu)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)(yi)(yi)電鍍，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍量僅次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分為紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)低，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝(yi)絕大(da)部分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富(fu)延展性(xing)(xing)，又能(neng)(neng)很(hen)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)意圖，且色(se)澤渾厚、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和各(ge)種裝飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)、各(ge)種環境配合，既可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑，又可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點(dian)(dian)(dian)綴裝飾。所以(yi)這種工藝(yi)受到很(hen)多(duo)藝(yi)術(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為許多(duo)壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加(jia)入(ru)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)錫(xi)冶煉而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延展性(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適(shi)于制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)些(xie)折皺少(shao)、大(da)塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)品(pin)，如(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌(pai)等(deng)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了(le)50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等(deng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)后熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比原(yuan)(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)卻(que)由原(yuan)(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)工，有(you)(you)一(yi)定準(zhun)確(que)度(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，并有(you)(you)一(yi)種華貴(gui)、古雅(ya)、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
銅(tong)經(jing)過不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感(gan)(gan)和(he)觸(chu)覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感(gan)(gan)。銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)是(shi)集材(cai)質之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)和(he)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei)三者綜合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶。因(yin)此，學習和(he)研(yan)究銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)需要從這三者入手，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)欣(xin)賞也(ye)是(shi)需要這三方面(mian)(mian)來(lai)進行，如果只是(shi)從一個方面(mian)(mian)就很(hen)難(nan)了解和(he)把握銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)諦和(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)材(cai)料和(he)不(bu)同(tong)造型、結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑(su)對加(jia)工(gong)成型工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)。所(suo)以成型和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方法主要包(bao)括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等(deng)五大(da)加(jia)工(gong)成型工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)，而且在(zai)裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)還主要有鑲嵌、雕金、鍍金和(he)鍍銀(yin)三大(da)類。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工藝是銅雕塑(su)的最古老的成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工藝之一(yi)，它的加工方法是首先要(yao)用(yong)黏土或者其(qi)它可(ke)塑(su)材料做出原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)，然(ran)后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)(xing)，之后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)(xing)材料的不(bu)同，主要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失(shi)蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也(ye)稱翻(fan)沙(sha)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它是(shi)我(wo)國最(zui)古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之一(yi)，我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)祖先早在(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握了這種工藝(yi)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)此工藝(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作了大量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術珍(zhen)品，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了享(xiang)譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文(wen)化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)首(shou)先是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)指用(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)(zhi)作陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)要精(jing)選細(xi)黏土敷在(zai)模型(xing)上(shang)(shang)，待半干時(shi)分(fen)塊取(qu)下(xia)陰干，干透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了外范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視(shi)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)程度(du)而定(ding)。如(ru)果要鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或(huo)器物(wu)，在(zai)做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間距離(li)就(jiu)是(shi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)要預先做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)澆(jiao)注口和出(chu)氣孔(kong)。最(zui)后把(ba)內(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)合起來(lai)，并(bing)(bing)敷上(shang)(shang)泥層(ceng)進行加固。做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)上(shang)(shang)述工作，即可以(yi)熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)了。對(dui)于造(zao)型(xing)復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無(wu)法(fa)一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，因(yin)此需要采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)全身人像(xiang)雕塑(su)，我(wo)們(men)將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)頭與(yu)身體、四肢(zhi)分(fen)別制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將(jiang)(jiang)四肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好(hao)(hao)暫不(bu)拿出(chu)，再與(yu)軀干的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)軀干時(shi)四肢(zhi)便與(yu)軀干鑄(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)體了。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精品一區二區883:鍛銅雕塑定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
相關產品
相關文章
- 國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安鍛銅雕塑,鍛銅佛像制作工藝2018年(nian)11月17日
- 國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安鍛銅雕塑設計哪家好-易銅坊雕塑2018年11月29日
- 國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安鍛銅雕塑廠哪家好-易銅坊雕塑2018年12月04日
- 國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安鍛銅雕塑在景觀雕塑中的位置2018年12月11日
- 國產SUV精品一區二區883:西安鍛銅雕塑在城市景觀雕塑中的地位2018年12月26日